How many monocytes — the white blood cells that become macrophages, the immune system's general-purpose cleanup and signalling cells — circulate in a person's blood. A measurement rather than a disease, the same way this site's C-reactive protein page is: a number a blood test reports, with some of its variation explained by common genetics.
Monocytes are white blood cells that circulate briefly before moving into tissue and becoming macrophages or dendritic cells — the immune system's general-purpose cleanup crew and one of its main ways of signalling other immune cells into action. A monocyte count is a routine part of a complete blood count, and like most blood cell measurements, it varies between people partly for genetic reasons.
Astle et al. 2016 tested 29.5 million genetic variants against 36 different blood cell traits — red cells, white cells and platelets — in 173,480 people from the UK Biobank and INTERVAL studies, one of the largest blood-trait genetic studies done. Eight of the nine variants on this page come from that one study. Two of them sit near genes with an obvious reason to matter here: CX3CR1 and CCR3 are both chemokine receptors — proteins immune cells use to sense chemical signals and move toward them — with CX3CR1 specifically well known for guiding monocytes themselves. The other loci (SLC41A1, ACOXL, GPR35, CDC5L, GPR116, and a long non-coding RNA) do not have an established, specific role in monocyte biology, and are reported here as real statistical findings rather than dressed up with an explanation the study itself does not provide.
The ninth variant, near ITGA4 (an integrin gene — integrins are proteins immune cells use to physically stick to blood vessel walls before moving into tissue, another biologically sensible connection), comes from a separate study of 11,014 participants in the eMERGE Network (a US electronic-health-records genomics consortium). It was not that study's own new discovery — ITGA4 was already a known monocyte-count locus, and this study replicated it at genome-wide significance.
The Astle study's broader finding, beyond any one variant, is worth stating: using Mendelian randomization, it linked blood cell measurements genetically to autoimmune disease, schizophrenia and coronary heart disease — and separately found that some previously assumed links between blood cell counts and cardiovascular disease may not be causal after all. That is a finding about the field's methods as much as about monocytes specifically.
Positions joined since this page was written
What this is The text above discusses the variants this page was written around. Since then the catalogue has joined 516 more positions to it, by shared trait or shared paper. They are listed here by the paper each came from; the text does not describe them, and each variant page carries that study's own record.
Chen MH et al. 2020, Cell rs7416513 (near CRYBG2), rs4987353 (FIRRM), rs798563 (AMZ1), rs4387163 (near RNU6-755P), rs116619972 (near MTMR12), rs147866228 (GCNT1), rs11189156 (near RRP12), rs67224956 (TENT5C), rs60441301 (NOS1AP), rs13029144 (ITGA4), rs41268099 (near CITED4), rs61165644 (near SPMIP3) and 162 more — PMID:32888493
Vuckovic D et al. 2020, Cell rs7121365 (near UBASH3B), rs138918 (TSPO), rs557074 (RREB1), rs3789087 (ACOXL), rs184575290 (ST20), rs1555133 (C20orf112), rs4286082 (EHD4), rs1400745 (near BAZ1A-AS1), rs117758012 (HOOK2), rs61758883 (ARHGAP9), rs3809112 (IFITM2), rs139874813 (ST20) and 99 more — PMID:32888494
Loya H et al. 2025, Nature genetics rs200969146 (near ZNF483), rs55810007 (near MIR7702), rs12717798 (near CDC7), rs117861234 (near IL17RA), rs150494808 (LPAR1), rs9513055 (PAN3), rs144057735 (near RNY4P18), rs58235552 (S1PR3), rs6470759 (CCDC26), rs2481961 (near LINC00543), rs190618272 (near MIR7702), rs145209947 (CCDC26) and 70 more — PMID:39789286
Kachuri L et al. 2021, American journal of human genetics rs1009181 (H2BC5), rs16939945 (IRF8), rs2777895 (VMP1), rs62447197 (IKZF1), rs139891589 (ATXN2), rs6832625 (SCD5), rs76806311 (PAN3), rs9908212 (near RPL23AP87), rs155147 (ITGA4), rs9461721 (VWA7), rs145532105 (near IKZF1), rs72844762 (MICB) and 43 more — PMID:34469753
Sakaue S et al. 2021, Nature genetics rs4954391 (near CXCR4), rs6436515 (DOCK10), rs7093481 (CXCL12), rs918106 (KCTD10), rs35389394 (CCDC26), rs34658647 (ETS1), rs61945055 (near RPS20P32), rs28675349 (NOSTRIN), rs4045811 (near LINC01565), rs9521344 (near LINC00399), rs72807539 (FANCA), rs537956454 (LMNTD1) and 35 more — PMID:34594039
Astle WJ et al. 2016, Cell rs8064299 (SLC9A3R1), rs2507971 (MICB), rs9410380 (near MIR4289), rs80271829 (IKZF1), rs17608459 (RP11-195M16.3), rs2523552 (DHFRP2), rs12711490 (RP11-542M13.3), rs10168795 (DOCK10), rs9469054 (VARS), rs35883536 (RP11-84O12.4), rs11723763 (GYPA), rs200516372 (RASA2) and 12 more — PMID:27863252
Jacobs BM et al. 2024, Nature communications rs12131809 (MCL1), rs11189159 (near RRP12), rs9836257 (near LINC01565), rs62081824 (VMP1), rs16943969 (RNFT1), rs62569864 (near MIR7702), rs78642509 (EGF), rs7224195 (VMP1), rs8033972 (CSNK1G1), rs7802443 (IKZF1), rs7759127 (near HLA-C), rs13073976 (CCR3) and 6 more — PMID:39414775
Xiang R et al. 2025, Nature communications rs79490353 (FLT3), rs9605219 (TMEM121B), rs142006702 (near LINC00540), rs147731320 (VAV1) — PMID:40335489
Mikhaylova AV et al. 2021, American journal of human genetics rs28450540 (near PCNPP2) — PMID:34582791
Monocyte count is measured directly by a blood test — a complete blood count with differential — not estimated from genotype. An abnormal count is interpreted by a clinician in the context of symptoms and other lab values; it can reflect infection, inflammation, a blood disorder, or nothing significant at all. None of the variants on this page changes how that result is read.
Nine variants explaining part of the variation in one blood cell count is a modest, honest picture — this is population-level genetics of a routine lab measurement, not a diagnosis of anything. The chemokine-receptor genes here (CX3CR1, CCR3) have a real, described role in immune cell trafficking generally; that is a reasonable biological story, not proof of what these specific variants do mechanistically.
What a 23andMe/AncestryDNA export or raw VCF can and can't tell you about Monocyte Count comes down to these specific, well-studied positions — not a diagnosis. 525 positions are linked to this page; the ones this page's own text discusses are shown first.
The studies behind these variants recruited participants from different ancestries — a result found in one population doesn't always transfer to another. Based on 144 of 525 linked studies with a resolved discovery ancestry.
Databases, guidelines and references
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Monocyte Count. MyGeneLog™. https://www.mygenelog.com/conditions/monocyte-count
No. Monocyte count is measured directly by a blood test. These variants explain a small, population-level share of the variation between people and are not used to estimate or diagnose anything for an individual.
Both are chemokine receptors — proteins immune cells use to sense and move toward chemical signals — and CX3CR1 specifically has an established role in guiding monocytes. The other genes on this page do not have that kind of established connection, and this page says so rather than implying they all have equally clear roles.
Using a method called Mendelian randomization, it linked blood cell measurements genetically to autoimmune disease, schizophrenia and coronary heart disease, and found evidence that some previously assumed links between blood cell counts and cardiovascular disease may not actually be causal.
That is a question for a clinician interpreting it alongside symptoms and other lab results — it can reflect infection, inflammation, a blood disorder, or nothing significant. This page and its variants play no role in that interpretation.
Free to reuse. This page's text is original writing from freely-available research, licensed CC BY 4.0 — reuse it, including commercially, with attribution to MyGeneLog™. It's general research-derived information, not medical advice or a diagnosis — see Terms of Use.